Liquid POTP Modules

This module explains basic concepts related to the formation of oil reservoirs, oil exploration and drilling techniques, and provides an essential foundation for the information presented in the proceeding phases of the Pipeline Operations Training Program.

This module describes the transportation role of the pipeline in the petroleum industry and ensures that operators understand how the various segments of the industry fit together as a system. The basic and key aspects in the refinement process of pipeline products is also explained. A pipeline employee's understanding of this basic information ensures that the detailed information provided in the following phases of the Pipeline Operations Training Program can be related back to the overall pipeline system.

This module examines the high risk and complex nature of offshore oil exploration and drilling and explains the similarities and differences between offshore and onshore production. Topics covered in this module include exploration techniques, types of rigs, drilling practices, well completion techniques, oil treatment, and pipe laying methods. This information assists the pipeline employee's understanding of how offshore petroleum production fits into the context of the petrochemical industry. It also provides a foundation of information required to understand the petroleum transportation procedures explained in modules that follow in this phase.

This module acts as an introduction to the basics of liquid properties, viscosity, density, vapor pressure, the effects of temperature on liquids and hydraulics. All of the information provided in this module is important to achieve a thorough understanding of the pipeline and the factors that govern it. This module is also useful to any pipeline personnel, providing a general understanding of fluid behavior.

The information pertaining to pipeline equipment is organized into three modules that provide the following information: description of the elements and stages of development of the pipeline system, and how equipment operates as an integrated whole to maintain a steady flow in the pipeline.
0.05-1 Overview and Theory
0.05-2 Equipment
0.05-3 Applications

Operators need to be familiar with the graphical systems used in pipeline systems in order to make sound operating decisions, as well as being able to respond to emergencies when computer-supplied information may not be available. This module acts as an introduction of the main concepts from the four modules in the training phase - Graphical System Representation.

Introduction to Computer Systems is an overview of the modules in the Pipeline Control Systems Phase and provides an introduction to computers as they pertain to pipeline operations.

Introduction to Advanced Fluid Behavior focuses on topics related to fluid mechanics and provides operators with comprehensive and detailed knowledge of the hydraulic issues that affect their ability to maintain a safe and efficient pipeline operation.
The information is organized into four modules:
0.08-1 Fluid Mechanics
0.08-2 Optimization
0.08-3 Pipeline Design & Philosophy
0.08-4 Batch Sequencing and Transient & Incident Analysis

This module provides an overview of concepts related to batchtracking and scheduling, which are explained in more detail in Phase 6 - Batchtracking & Scheduling.

A pipeline is a complex system of piping, pumping units, controlling equipment and fluids of varying density and viscosity. Operating a pipeline integrates the physical pipeline system with the concepts and commands used to move fluids inside the pipeline. This module provides an overview of different aspects of the complex task of pipeline operation.

This module explains the properties of solids, liquids and gases, the effects of pressure changes on liquids, and describes liquid properties that affect pipeline operations. The information presented in this module provides a clear understanding of the principles of fluid behavior that, in turn, serve as part of the knowledge used to make daily operating decisions.
Prerequisites: None

This module explains kinematic and dynamic viscosity, how viscosity is measured and how viscosity affects flow rates. The important differences between viscosity and density are also noted.
Prerequisite: Liquid Properties

This module explains the concepts of density and specific gravity and examines how density influences the operation of a pipeline.
Prerequisite: Liquid Properties

This module discusses the causes and consequences of vaporization in the pipeline. An operator must be able to recognize the events that lead to vaporization and understand the consequences of vaporization in order to operate the pipeline safely and efficiently.
Prerequisite: Liquid Properties

This module explains how temperature fluctuations affect liquid properties and ties together the concepts discussed in the preceding modules of this phase.
Prerequisite: Liquid Properties

This module explains the use of basic calculations to determine pipeline pressure, such as calculating static head and the total static head gradient. An understanding of the fundamentals of pipeline hydraulics is essential during emergency situations, such as communication failures, pressure transmitter failures and shutdowns.
Prerequisites: Phase 1

This module provides a series of sample problems and the formulas required to solve for each problem. Each sample problem is accompanied by a detailed, step-by-step explanation of the calculation and uses common petroleum products as examples.
Prerequisites: Phase 1

The function of gathering systems within a pipeline system is to store, treat, measure and transport petroleum products from lease sites. The integrity of a pipeline system is dependent on the lease-holding clients delivering oil and gas products that meet acceptable standards of treatment and measurement.
Prerequisites: None

This module describes the path of a pipeline product from its source, through the pipeline system to the point of custody transfer, metering and measuring, storage, injection and delivery to customers. The control systems used at terminal stations are explained to promote an understanding of the relationships between control center and terminal station control systems.
Prerequisites: Phase 1

This module begins by tracing the route of a batch of crude oil through a pump station, and describes the components of the pump station and their functions as they are encountered by a batch. Once the main components of the pump station are established, the auxiliary systems, control systems, and operating procedures of the pump station are explained.
Prerequisites: Phase 1

This module examines the pipeline construction process in a sequential manner, beginning at the pre-planning phase, through specific construction activities to the completion phase.
Prerequisites: None

This module describes pipeline inspection methods, the basic elements of a preventative maintenance program, and repair procedures. It also examines the impact of these activities on pipeline operations.
Prerequisite: None

The module describes the basic operating principles of an electric motor, and explains how these principles function in a simple electric motor. The electric motors used to power main line pumps in the pipeline system are also described in this module.
Prerequisite: Phase 1

This module explains the basic principles of centrifugal pumps and examines the features of mainline pumping units. This module provides the information required to identify malfunctions and to take the appropriate action to avoid the serious financial consequences of damaged pump units.
Prerequisites: Phase 1, Pump Stations

This module describes the basic components and functions of valves. It also describes the typical valves used for isolation and sectionalizing purposes and identifies the operating considerations for each type of valve.
Prerequisite: Phase 1

This module introduces pressure control valves (PCVs) and describes the selection criteria for PCVs for specific applications. It explains why PCVs are essential for safe, efficient pipeline operation and describes the common types of PCVs. An understanding of the characteristics of PCVs and the basic principles of sizing and selection will increase an operators' ability to properly use pressure control mechanisms in decision-making activities for routine and unexpected or emergency pipeline situations.
Prerequisite: Phase 1

This module discusses the principles of a variable frequency drive, as well as the parts involved in their operation. It also describes the startup and operation of a variable frequency drive and its control systems. Finally, it explains the alarm conditions and protection systems associated with the use of variable frequency drives.
Prerequisites: Fundamentals of Industrial Electricity, Industrial Electric Power Systems

This module focuses on the function of diesel engines and presents information on the basic principles and components of a diesel engine. It also explains the theory and operation of a diesel engine, as well as specific applications of this engine.
Prerequisites: Pump Curves, Pump Operation

This module explains how the Affinity Laws predict pump performance. An understanding of the Affinity Laws and the impact of density and viscosity on pump performance enables proper operational responses to changes in the pipeline. Appropriate responses maximize efficiency and minimize unit starts/stops, pump throttle, power consumption, and pressure transients.
Prerequisite: None

This module fully examines pump curve theory and pump losses. Curves are plotted on graphs that show how specific pumps behave at different capacities. Its goal is to explain the impact of pump losses and how different types of curves may be used to determine the best capacity at which to operate a pump unit.
Prerequisites: Phase 1, Pump Stations, Motor Operation, Pump Operation, Affinity Laws

This module also states conditions that cause pump motor failures and explains how they can be avoided. Finally, it discusses the selection and effective throttling of units.
Prerequisites: Affinity Laws, Pump Curves

This module examines the custody transfer process in detail, focusing on the methods used to measure product volumes in pipelines and storage tanks. It makes good economic sense to ensure that measurement errors are as low as possible.
Prerequisites: Gathering Systems, Terminal Stations, Pump Stations, Pipeline Construction, Pipeline Maintenance & Repair, Motor Operation, Pump Operation

This module describes the elements of a control system. It focuses on various instruments used to measure and control the different safety features a station. The module shows how a control system is connected to these protection instruments.
Prerequisites: None

This module describes the fundamentals of electricity needed to make effective operating decisions that could result in the saving of millions of dollars a year.
Prerequisites: None

This module explains topics relevant to electrical power systems that operators must understand in order to make good operating decisions and to communicate in a common language with field personnel.
Prerequisites: None

This module describes the fundamental steps in the process of production and transfer of industrial electricity as this process applies to the pipeline system. This module also examines the role of the Energy Management Group in the sourcing, acquisition and allocation of electrical and diesel power for the efficient operation of the pipeline system.
Prerequisites: Motor Operation, Pump Operation, Variable Speed Drives - Diesel Engines, Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) - Electric, Fundamentals of Industrial Electricity, Industrial Electric Power Systems

This module describes the types of maps used in pipeline systems. Also, it gives the opportunity to read information from maps used in these systems and illustrates how maps can be used in the control center.

This module is a general introduction to graphical system representation, and touches on subjects that are developed in later modules.

Pipeline operators must be familiar with the symbols and layout of schematics, as well as their limitations to use them effectively. This module discusses the major types of schematics. It also describes the scope of schematics of major symbols.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

This module examines how the system of pipes, instruments and controls in a pipeline system are represented in Piping & Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs). P&IDs are important references during emergency situations when computerized information is unavailable and access to site information is required.
Prerequisite: Phase I

This module allows operators to practice reading maps, diagrams and schematics and tests their ability to solve problems using hypothetical scenarios.
Prerequisite: Phase 3

This module explains how computers process information and describes the major components of a control room computer system. Introduction to Computers includes descriptions of networks and communications media used in SCADA applications.
Prerequisites: None

This module describes the basic elements of a SCADA and how these elements relate to each other. The SCADA System ensures a pipeline is operated in an effective, efficient and safe manner. This control system provides a method of remotely controlling the day-to-day operations of a pipeline.
Prerequisite: Introduction to Computers

This module discusses how and why the operator needs to understand and work with the line protection software to operate the pipeline effectively. It shows the different levels of line protection software within the PCS, and presents the reasons for and the type of operating limits within the system.
Prerequisite: Introduction to Pipeline Control System (SCADA)

This module describes the use of the line shutdown programs and leak detection systems. It also provides an application of the power management system. Finally, it describes the operation of the failover system.
Prerequisite: Line Protection Software

This module includes a brief description of all components of a station control system. It then focuses on the parts of the station system that relate to the specific commands from the control system that relate to the specific commands from the control center, including the starting and stopping of pump units and the changing of set points.
Prerequisites: Control Systems & Instrumentation Introduction to Pipeline Control System (SCADA),
Line Protection Software I & II

This module describes different types of station alarms and protection in detail. An understanding of the information presented in this module ensures that operators and maintenance personnel understand the causes of different alarms and the procedures to follow for each alarm condition.
Prerequisite: Station Control

The five PCS SCADA Workbooks provide detailed instruction on the information and commands required to operate the pipeline efficiently by using a remotely computerized SCADA system.
The integrated exercises in each workbook use a computerized simulator to ensure that operators achieve hands-on familiarity with SCADA.
4.07-1 Workbook 1 - Introduction to the System
4.07-2 Workbook 2 Displays
4.07-3 Workbook 3 - Control Panels and Commands
4.07-4 Workbook 4 - Alarms
4.07-5 Workbook 5 — Trends and Reports
Prerequisites: Phase 4

The Pre-test is designed to test knowledge of basic physics and algebra, and consists two sets of test questions, one for physics and one for algebra. If after completing either test section, a person fails to meet the proficiency standards established by the company, then he or she should review the appropriate module (either the Physics Primer or the Algebra Primer).
Prerequisites: None

This module explains in detail the basic laws of physics both generally, and as they apply to pipeline operations. This module is intended for those who fail to meet the physics proficiency requirements of the Pre-test.
Prerequisites: None

This module provides information on performing basic algebraic operations on numbers and units, as well as equations and formulae. This module also provides instruction on how to properly read curves and graphs.It is intended for those who fail to meet the algebra proficiency requirements of the pre-test.
Prerequisites: None

This module discusses the relationship between force and pressure in a pipeline. This module also describes how to calculate and measure pressure, and also shows the relationship between different types of pressures that exist in a pipeline.
Prerequisites: Pre-test and/or Physics Primer, Algebra Primer

This module explains the three head terms used to describe the energy possessed by a liquid under steady flow conditions in a pipeline. Static head, dynamic head and elevation head are described in terms of the energy that is added to the liquid by pumping units. The total energy diagram is introduced, and its use to describe energy in a flowing liquid is explained.
Prerequisites: Pre-test and/or Physics Primer, Algebra Primer , Static Gradients

This module describes the performance of pumps in a whole pipeline context, including the effects of changing liquid properties and batch interfaces on pumps. This module also provides information on using pump curves, system curves, and Affinity Laws to determine and assess pump operation and operating parameters.
Prerequisites: Pre-test and/or Physics Primer, Algebra Primer, Static Gradients, Flowing Gradients

Pipeline Design Fundamentals describes the relationship between physical properties of a liquid and resulting flow characteristics, as well as the relationship between pipeline characteristics and resulting flow characteristics. This module also discusses pressure loss due to friction and provides equations to determine pressure loss.
Prerequisites: Pre-test and/or Physics Primer , Algebra Primer, Static Gradients, Flowing Gradients, Pumping Gradients

This module discusses the importance of determining optimum pipeline size, flow capacity, and line pressure for pipeline design. Pipe Size Optimization relates hydraulic design to input and delivery volumes, and also considers the impact of economic factors on pipeline design.
Prerequisites: Pre-test and/or Physics Primer, Algebra Primer, Static Gradients, Flowing Gradients, Pipeline Design Fundamentals

This module looks at how pumps are selected by taking into account pump design parameters and pipeline design restrictions. This module also discusses pump impellers. The criteria for selecting the most suitable and efficient combination of pumps are also described.
Prerequisites: Pre-test and/or Algebra Primer, Static Gradients, Flowing Gradients, Pipeline Design Fundamentals

This module describes the different factors that affect the flow rates of liquids in a pipeline and explains the role of pump configurations in maintaining optimum flow rates.
Prerequisites: Flowing Gradients, Pumping Gradients, Pipeline Design Fundamentals, Pump Sizing & Selection

This module, describes the sizing and selection process for pump motors and PCVs. Since most pump motors used on mainline pumps are electrically powered, this module also describes how to optimize the pump motors' use of electricity to provide the most energy-efficient operation. Finally, this module discusses and describes how PCVs function to control and regulate flow.
Prerequisites: Static Gradients, Flowing Gradients, Pumping Gradients

Batch Sequencing discusses the effect of changing batches on the hydraulic gradient. In addition, this module describes how the viscosity, vapor pressure and specific gravity of each product in a batch affects pumping and head loss.
Prerequisites: None

This module describes the characteristics and causes of pressure transients and examines specific incident types. The hydraulic characteristics of each incident are also described.
Prerequisites: Phase 1, & 2 Static Gradients, Batch Sequencing

Pipeline Control Philosophy describes pipeline operation limits. In addition, this module defines control points for a specific pipeline segment. The occurrence and management of pressure transients are described, while the final section outlines procedures for the maintenance of pipeline pressure during a communications outage. Prerequisites: None

This workbook provides sample problems and solutions related to each module. A list of formulae is provided to assist the reader. The information provided in the modules, together with the sample problems in the workbook, will enable most readers to solve the majority of the problems.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules in Phase 5

Workbook Solutions provides step-by-step instructions on achieving the correct solutions to Workbook problems. This module helps students and instructors work through difficult or complex problems and determine where mistakes in calculations were made. An understanding of areas of weakness will assist the reader's review of concepts from modules that require further study.
Prerequisite: Advanced Fluid Behavior Workbook

This module explains concepts related to batchtracking, with particular focus on the methods for calculation of batch interface locations and uses of batchtracking information. Batchtracking is used to assist the scheduling of commodity movements and maintenance activities.
Prerequisites: Pump Stations, Terminal Stations, Custody Transfer Measurement

This module describes the scheduling function of a pipeline system in detail, with particular focus on the supply-based, batched scheduling process. Scheduling enables the pipeline company to plan its operations and to provide its customers with detailed information on the movement of pipeline commodities. It also includes information on other approaches to scheduling pipeline systems.
Prerequisites: Pump Stations, Terminal Stations, Custody Transfer Measurement

This module explains the benefits of the Whole Pipeline Perspective. It also describes a decision-making model which helps operators adopt the whole pipeline perspective and make whole pipeline decisions.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

This module provides a definition of pipeline balance and discusses why it is of vital importance to the operation of a liquid pipeline.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

This module explains frictional loss in a pipeline, and describes how to select the appropriate pump unit to overcome frictional loss. It also discusses the considerations for starting and stopping pump units. Finally, this module uses a decision-making model to determine the most suitable pump units or combination of pump units.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

When efficient and effective pump unit selection cannot achieve pipeline balance, control must be applied. Through control, pressure and flow are adjusted in response to different operational demands. Depending on the pipeline, operational limits are imposed by issuing commands to valves or pumps anywhere along the pipeline.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

A steady state operation is yet another important factor in the efficient operation of a pipeline. Along with providing the theoretical background this module describes the procedures involved in creating a steady state operation. An appendix is included, which describes the exact processes used for creating and maintaining pipeline balance, preventing imbalance, and increasing and decreasing flow rate.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

The goal throughout routine operational tasks is to make all operational changes in such a way that no large transients are created, minor transients are quickly managed, and steady state operation is quickly re-established. This module combines all concepts in previous modules, relating them to practical application used by pipeline operators.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

This module describes unscheduled events and describes how to use the Decision-making Model to deal with these events.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

This module explains the trends and relates them to the Decision-making Model. It also illustrates the trends associated with pipeline events such as packing and draining, and batch changes; as well as pipeline incidents such as column separation, mainline valve closure and leaks.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

This module deals with the constructing of prevention-based pressure profiles, anticipating pipeline problems and dealing with them before they occur. It presents a problem-solving model to recognize, analyze and overcome pipeline problems. It presents typical pipeline problems and applies advanced problem-solving techniques to achieve a balanced pipeline.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules

This module describes the processes that operators must follow to recognize, analyze and solve a pipeline incident.
Prerequisites: All preceding modules