Gas POTP Modules

This module provides a comprehensive overview of natural gas production including preliminary activities such as exploration and drilling. Producing wells feed gas into gathering systems, which are outlined in the module. An important topic presented is the corrosion prevention programs of natural gas production facilities. Dehydration and scrubbing facilities used to prepare production gas to meet quality and compression specifications are also described.

To ensure the safe and effective operation of the gas pipeline the controller must have a complete understanding of fluid behavior and its affect on pipeline operation. Laying the necessary foundation for future modules, this module acts as an introduction to the basics of gas properties, vapor pressure, the effects of temperature on natural gas and hydraulics. All of the information provided in this module is important to develop a thorough understanding of a pipeline and factors that govern it.

Gas controllers require detailed knowledge of the physical characteristics of a pipeline and its associated equipment to make effective decisions. The information pertaining to pipeline equipment is organized into three modules that provide the following information: description of the elements and stages of development of a pipeline system, and illustration of how equipment operates as an integrated whole to maintain a steady flow in the pipeline.

Maps, schematics, and piping and instrumentation diagrams are all a part of graphical systems - the tools that illustrate the location and describe the relationship of a pipeline to its components. Graphical systems can be used to pinpoint leaks, identify environmentally sensitive areas, chart flow through various pipelines, as well as perform various other tasks. Controllers need to be familiar with graphical systems used in pipeline systems in order to make sound operating decisions, as well as be able to respond to emergencies when computer-supplied information may not be available.
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In the pipeline context, computers are used daily by gas controllers to monitor conditions, regulate turbines, and open and close valves. The SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system depends on computers to perform its function. This module is an overview of the modules in the Pipeline Control Systems phase.
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Introduction to Pipeline Design is an overview of the modules Gas Pipeline Design Fundamentals, Hydraulics Level I, and other modules dealing with gas pipeline design. The detailed modules are theoretical in nature and provide Controllers with comprehensive and detailed knowledge of the design issues that affect their ability to maintain a safe and efficient pipeline operation.

A gas pipeline is a complex system of piping, compressors, controlling equipment and fluids of varying density. Operating a pipeline integrates the physical pipeline system with the concepts and commands used to move fluids inside the pipeline. This module provides an overview of different aspects of the complex task of gas pipeline operation.

This module explains the purpose and operation of natural gas storage facilities and describes the major features of both natural and man-made storage facilities. Storage of natural gas is an important component of the industry. It allows balancing seasonal differences of supply and demand. Storage is used to maximize pipeline efficiencies throughout the year.

This module lays the foundation for future modules by providing information on the historical development of the natural gas industry, and describes the properties and characteristics of natural gas. It relates the effects of pressure and temperature on gas volume and the behavior of real gases in mixtures. In simple and easy-to-understand language, the module presents complex theoretical information such as pseudo-critical temperature, pressure and compressibility factors.

Knowledge of hydraulics allows operators to monitor and control the behavior of gas products flowing in a pipeline. Hydraulics - Level I discusses the theory behind static hydraulic calculations. This module explains the use of basic calculations to determine pipeline pressure, such as calculating static head and the total static head gradient. An understanding of the fundamentals of pipeline hydraulics is essential during emergency situations, such as communication failures, pressure- transmitter failures and shutdowns.

Pipeline operators use hydraulic calculations to examine how gas behave in the pipeline so they are able to make effective operating decisions. The Hydraulics - Level I Workbook serves as a comparison volume to the theoretical information presented in Hydraulics - Level 1. This module provides a series of sample problems and the formulas required to solve for each problem. Each sample problem is accompanied by a detailed, step-by-step explanation of the calculation and uses common gas products as examples. As well, each sample problem includes an explanation of its practical application to pipeline operation to detect problems.

The function of gathering systems within a gas pipeline system is to store, treat, measure and transport natural gas from lease sites. The integrity of a pipeline system is dependent on the lease-holding clients delivering natural gas that meets acceptable standards of treatment and measurement. Therefore, controllers must be familiar with the purpose and interaction of gathering equipment. *Contact an ETI representative

The need to accurately measure gas is an integral concern of the industry. Controllers must appreciate the importance of operational integrity and the accuracy of custody transfer. This module describes measurement devices, units of measurement and the conversion of units of measurement.

Natural gas compression facilities maintain or increase gas flow rates through a transmission system to reach the distribution network. They are also used in storage facilities for injection and withdrawal. This module describes the principles of gas compression, compressor station equipment, and the factors involved in the design and operation of compressor stations.

Compressor stations are used to add energy to liquid flowing in a pipeline to prevent or minimize the consequences of pressure losses due to friction. An understanding of how compressor stations are configured is necessary to ensure cost-effective energy consumption. This module begins by tracing the route of a batch of natural gas through a compressor station, and describes the components of a compressor station and their functions as they are encountered by a batch. Once the main components of the compressor station are established, the auxiliary systems, control systems, and operating procedures of the station are explained.

Pipeline construction involves complex planning and design processes. This module examines the pipeline construction process in a sequential manner, beginning at the pre-planning phase, through specific construction activities to the completion phase.

This module describes natural gas pipeline inspection methods, the basic elements of a preventative maintenance program, and repair procedures. It also examines the impact of these activities on pipeline operations. Clear communication between controllers and maintenance personnel is an important element in an efficient maintenance program.

Valves are a crucial part of pipeline operations because they direct the flow of natural gas in a pipeline. Although controllers do not control all valves on the pipeline, they must understand each type of valve and its behavior. The correct use and operation of valves is essential to the safe and successful execution of every procedure and maneuver in the pipeline system.

This module describes the control of pressure and flow in a natural gas pipeline, as well as different types of control devices. The module also presents and compares various types of gas odorization control equipment in normal use.

Compressor & System Curves fully examines compressor curve theory and compressor losses. Curves are plotted on graphs that show how specific compressors behave at different capacities.
An understanding of the different types of compressor losses and how a compressor unit behaves in various circumstances assists the selection of the most appropriate compressor unit, which increases efficient operation and minimizes wear on the compressor.
Building on concepts previously introduced, this module describes the ways that system curves and compressor station curves influence the operating point of a pipeline system. It describes the basic elements of the compressor unit control system, and the sequences used to start, stop, or change control of the unit. This module also states conditions that cause compressor motor failures, and explains how they can be avoided. Finally, it discusses the selection and effective throttling of units.
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Pipeline operation involves the ability to access site information that does not appear on pipeline displays. These tasks may require action to assist field personnel during maintenance repairs or to handle emergencies and other events that require information on geographical elevations and depressions that may affect pipeline operations. This module describes the types of maps used in pipeline systems. Also, it gives the opportunity to read information from maps used in these systems and illustrates how maps can be used in the control center.
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Controllers must be familiar with the symbols and layout of schematics, as well as their limitations to use them effectively. This module discusses the major types of schematics. It also describes the scope of schematics of major symbols. This module examines how the system of pipes, instruments and controls in a pipeline system are represented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P & IDs).

To optimize pipeline operations, operators must be able to use graphical system representation. From this they can identify and respond to operating problems and emergencies.
This module allows controllers to practice reading maps, diagrams and schematics and tests their ability to solve problems using hypothetical scenarios.
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The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system (SCADA) is a system providing computerized control system. This module provides a general description of a SCADA system including monitoring systems and control systems. Control Center and field level hardware and software are described. Finally, the module presents analysis tools such as trending, forecasting and simulation.

The last levels of the SCADA hierarchy are located at the compressor station. The station control system is different from the control center. The control center manages all of the stations for a line, but the station manages all of details for all devices and instruments at a station. This module includes a brief description of all the components of a station control system. It then focuses on the parts of the station system that relate to the specific commands from the control system that relate to the specific commands from the control center, including the starting and stopping of compressor units and the changing of set points. It also shows the general organization of station control software and describes the need for timed commands.
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The five SCADA Workbooks provide detailed instruction on the information and commands required to operate the pipeline efficiently by using the remotely computerized SCADA system. The goal of these workbooks is to provide a combination of instruction and exercises to develop both an understanding and use of the information and commands to operate a natural gas pipeline.
The workbooks include detailed instruction and exercises for practical experience. The integrated exercises in each workbook use a computerized simulator to ensure that operators achieve hands-on familiarity with SCADA.
G4.3-1 Workbook 1 - Introduction to the System
G4.3-2 Workbook 2 - Displays
G4.3-3 Workbook 3 - Control Panels and Commands
G4.3-4 Workbook 4 - Alarms
G4.3-5 Workbook 5 - Trends and Reports
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Understanding the principles of basic physics is necessary to make good operating decisions, since pipelines operate according to physical laws.
This module, Physics Primer, explains in detail the basic laws of physics both generally, and as they apply to gas pipeline operations.

Pipelines operate according to the basic principles of physics and algebra. The Algebra Primer provides information on performing basic algebraic operations on numbers and units, as well as equations and formulae. This module also provides instruction on how to properly read curves and graphs.

Gas Pipeline Design Fundamentals describes the relationship between the physical properties of a gas and the resulting flow characteristics, as well as the relationship between pipeline characteristics and the resulting flow characteristics. This module also discusses pressure loss due to friction and provides equations to determine pressure loss. With respect to compressor stations, this module provides criteria for determining the number and spacing of compressor stations.

This module discusses the importance of determining optimum pipeline size, flow capacity, and line pressure for pipeline design. Compressor Sizing & Optimization relates hydraulic design to input and delivery volumes, and also considers the impact of economic factors on pipeline design. A useful rule-of-thumb for determining proper pipe size and throughput volumes is provided, as well as information on pipeline capacity.

This module, Compressor Station Equipment Selection, looks at how compressors are selected by taking into account compressor design parameters and pipeline design restrictions. The criteria for selecting the most suitable and efficient combination of compressors are also described.

This module describes the characteristics and causes of pressure transients and examines specific incident types. The incident types described include line leak or rupture, and loss of line pack. The hydraulic characteristics of each incident are also described. Personnel must know how to recognize leaks and ruptures and how to distinguish these events from other internal pressure problems.
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Pipeline Control Philosophy describes pipeline operation limits. In addition, this module defines control points for a specific pipeline segment. The occurrence and management of pressure transients are described, while the final section outlines procedures for the maintenance of pipeline pressure during a communications outage.
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The Advanced Gas Pipeline Design Workbook contains a series of questions designed to test the understanding of calculations introduced in Phase 5 modules. This workbook provides sample problems and solutions related to each module. A list of formulae is provided to assist the reader.

This module presents a decision-making model to assist personnel in making the appropriate decisions to maintain the safety and integrity of the entire line and to achieve steady state operation. When a whole pipeline perspective is considered before commands are given, the result is a safe and balanced pipeline. It explains the benefits of the whole pipeline perspective.
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This module provides information on the elements of supply/demand analysis. It shows how supply and demand are balanced to variations in weather, population and conservation initiatives. The module also describes an economic model used to determine the feasibility of new facilities and presents a regulatory context to direct planning activities. The module explains a complicated topic in everyday language that controllers can relate to.

Nominations enables the pipeline company to plan its operations and to provide its customers with detailed information on the movement of pipeline commodities. This module describes the scheduling function of a pipeline system in detail, with particular focus on the supply-based, batched scheduling process. This module also includes information on other approaches to scheduling pipeline systems.

This module begins with an overview of normal gas operations and the main corresponding Gas Controller duties. The second section section focuses how controllers manage nominations and forecasting responsibilities. The third section deals with abnormal operating conditions and how controllers respond accordingly.

Along with providing theoretical background, this module describes the procedures involved in creating a steady state operation. An appendix is included, which describes the exact processes used for creating and maintaining pipeline balance, preventing imbalance, and increasing and decreasing flow rate.
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An incident is an unplanned event that requires prompt and cost-effective action in order to protect people, property and the environment. This module defines and describes gas pipeline incidents, including transmission failures, distribution failures and storage failures. In order to prepare the Controller to deal with incidents, the module outlines the preparation for emergencies.

This module describes unscheduled events and describes how to use the decision-making model to deal with these events.
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This module deals with the constructing of prevention-based pressure profiles, anticipating pipeline problems and dealing with them before they occur. It presents a problem-solving model to recognize, analyze and overcome pipeline problems. It presents typical pipeline problems and applies advanced problem-solving techniques to achieve a balanced pipeline.
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In order to maximize job performance, a Gas Controller must be completely familiar with the franchise area the company serves. The purpose of this module is to provide an overview of a gas distribution system. It explains how gas from a transmission system is delivered to a local distribution company's franchise area. This module also identifies the responsibilities of the Gas Controller with respect to upstream and downstream control functions. It describes the functions of metering and operating limitations. This module provides detailed maps of the client's franchise area, identifying networks and gate stations.

This module describes three types of services that are offered. Supply, transportation and other services that revolve around storage are described in the module. The Gas Controller needs to have a working knowledge of all the various services offered to ensure that the contractual obligations are met safely and in the most cost-effective manner.